Most cervical cancer cases don’t start as “cancer.” They often begin as slow, silent changes in the cells of the cervix—changes that can be detected early and treated before they become serious. That’s why cervical cancer screening is one of the most powerful tools in women’s health: it gives you answers early, and often, reassurance.
In this guide, we’ll cover what is cervical cancer, common cervical cancer causes, key cervical cancer symptoms in females, and the latest cervical cancer treatments used worldwide today—so you can make informed decisions with confidence.
What is cervical cancer?
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the cervix—the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. In simple terms, cervical cancer means: abnormal cells in the cervix that grow uncontrollably and can spread if not treated.
Most cases are linked to long-term infection with high-risk types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection is common, and many people clear it naturally. But when certain high-risk HPV types persist, they can cause precancerous cell changes that may progress to florid cancer over years.
Cervical cancer causes and risk factors
The most important cervical cancer causes include:
- Persistent high-risk HPV infection (the most common cause)
- Smoking (can weaken the immune system and increase risk)
- Weakened immunity (including certain medical conditions or medications)
- Long-term use of oral contraceptives (in some cases, risk is slightly higher)
- Multiple full-term pregnancies (associated with higher risk in some studies)
- Not getting regular screening (precancerous changes go unnoticed)
The key point: most of the risk factors are manageable, and screening can catch problems early—even if you feel perfectly fine.
Cervical cancer symptoms
Early-stage cervical cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. But as it progresses, cervical cancer symptoms can include:
- Unusual vaginal bleeding (between periods, after intercourse, or after menopause)
- Persistent watery, bloody, or foul-smelling vaginal discharge
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
- Lower back pain (in some cases)
- Fatigue or unexplained weight loss (advanced stages)
These symptoms are also commonly seen in non-cancerous conditions, so don’t panic—but do get evaluated.
Cervical cancer screening: your best early-warning system
Cervical cancer screening looks for precancerous changes and/or HPV infection before cancer develops. Depending on age and risk profile, screening may involve:
- Pap smear (Pap test): checks for abnormal cervical cells
- HPV test: checks for high-risk HPV types
- Co-testing: Pap + HPV test together (in selected age groups)
Global health guidance increasingly supports HPV testing as a highly effective screening method.
If you’re wondering: “When should I screen?”
Screening schedules vary by guideline and personal risk (age, past results, immune status). Your gynecologist will recommend the right interval for you based on your history and the test used.
“How I knew I had cervical cancer” — what many patients describe
Many people who search “how i knew i had cervical cancer” are looking for a clear sign—something obvious. The honest answer is: many women don’t “feel” cervical cancer early. It’s often discovered through routine screening.
However, when symptoms did happen, patients commonly describe:
- Bleeding after intercourse that felt “not normal for me”
- Bleeding between cycles that kept recurring
- A change in discharge that persisted
- Pelvic discomfort that didn’t go away
If anything feels unusual or persistent, it’s worth checking. Peace of mind often comes from a simple test.
Cervical cancer treatment: how doctors choose the best plan
Cervical cancer treatment depends on:
- Stage of the cancer (how early or advanced)
- Tumor size and spread
- Fertility goals (where appropriate)
- Overall health and preferences
Common treatment approaches include:
1) Early-stage treatment (often highly curable)
- Precancer treatment: procedures like colposcopy-guided treatment may remove abnormal cells before cancer develops.
- Surgery: for early cancers, surgery may remove the tumor and preserve healthy tissue when possible. Some patients may be eligible for fertility-sparing options depending on stage and clinical assessment.
2) Locally advanced cervical cancer
- Chemoradiotherapy (CRT): radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy is a standard approach.
- Imaging-guided radiotherapy and brachytherapy: modern radiation techniques improve precision and outcomes while protecting nearby organs.
3) Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (latest treatments)
The past few years have brought major progress in advanced disease care, including:
- Immunotherapy added to chemoradiotherapy in high-risk locally advanced disease: The U.S. FDA approved pembrolizumab with chemoradiotherapy for FIGO 2014 stage III–IVA cervical cancer (January 12, 2024).
- Antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) therapy: The FDA granted traditional approval to tisotumab vedotin (Tivdak) for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer after progression on chemotherapy (April 29, 2024).
- Immunotherapy for selected advanced cases: Pembrolizumab-based regimens are used in certain persistent/recurrent/metastatic settings, depending on tumor markers and clinical factors (your oncologist will guide suitability).
These options are typically offered through specialist oncology pathways after detailed evaluation of stage, tumor biology, prior treatments, and overall health.
The takeaway: early screening = lasting peace of mind
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers when screening is done on time. Whether your goal is prevention, reassurance, or timely treatment, the right test at the right time can change everything.
Cervical cancer screening at Medeor Hospital, Dubai
At Medeor Hospital, Dubai, our Obstetrics & Gynecology and oncology teams support women with:
- Preventive cervical cancer screening
- Evaluation of abnormal Pap/HPV results
- Colposcopy guidance and follow-up care
- Coordinated treatment planning when needed
If you’re due for a Pap smear—or you have symptoms you’re worried about—book an appointment at Medeor Hospital, Dubai for a confidential consultation. Early screening doesn’t just detect disease early—it gives you clarity, control, and peace of mind.
